Sewa-guna-usaha (Leasing) adalah kegiatan pembiayaan dalam bentuk penyediaan barang modal baik secara sewa-guna-usaha dengan hak opsi (finance lease) maupun sewa-guna-usaha tanpa hak opsi (operating lease) untuk digunakan oleh Lessee selama jangka waktu tertentu berdasarkan pembayaran secara berkala.
Kegiatan sewa-guna-usaha digolongkan sebagai sewa-guna-usaha dengan hak opsi (finance lease) apabila memenuhi semua kriteria berikut :
a. jumlah pembayaran sewa-guna-usaha selama masa sewa-guna-usaha pertama ditambah dengan nilai sisa barang modal, harus dapat menutup harga perolehan barang modal dan keuntungan lessor.
b. Masa sewa-guna-usaha ditetapkan sekurang-kurangnya :
- 2 (dua) tahun untuk barang modal Golongan I,
- 3 (tiga) tahun untuk barang modal Golongan II dan III,
- 7 (tujuh) tahun untuk Golongan bangunan.
c. Perjanjian sewa-guna-usaha memuat ketentuan mengenai opsi bagi lessee.
Kegiatan sewa-guna-usaha digolongkan sebagai sewa-guna-usaha tanpa hak opsi (operating lease) apabila memenuhi semua kriteria berikut :
a. jumlah pembayaran sewa-guna-usaha selama masa sewa-guna-usaha pertama tidak dapat menutupi harga perolehan barang modal yang disewa-guna-usahakan ditambah keuntungan yang diperhitungkan oleh lessor.
b. Perjanjian sewa-guna-usaha tidak memuat ketentuan mengenai opsi bagi lessee.
Ditinjau dari teknis pelaksanaannya, transaksi sewa-guna-usaha dapat dilaksanakan sebagai berikut :
a. Sewa-guna-usaha Langsung (Direct Lease).
Dalam transaksi ini lessee belum pernah memiliki barang modal yang menjadi obyek sewa-guna-usaha, sehingga atas permintaannya lessor membeli barang modal tersebut.
b. Penjualan dan Penyewaan Kembali (Sale and Lease Back).
Dalam transaksi ini lessee terlebih dahulu menjual barang modal yang sudah dimilikinya kepada lessor dan atas barang modal yang sama kemudian dilakukan kontrak sewa-guna-usaha antara lessee (pemilik semula) dengan lessor (pembeli barang modal tersebut).
Sewa-Guna-Usaha Sindikasi (Syndicated Lease)
Yaitu beberapa perusahaan sewa-guna-usaha secara bersama melakukan transaksi sewa-guna-usaha dengan satu lessee. Dalam hal ini salah satu perusahaan sewa-guna-usaha akan bertindak sebagai koordinator, sehingga lessee cukup berkomunikasi dengan koordinator ini.
Lessor adalah perusahaan pembiayaan atau perusahaan sewa-guna-usaha yang telah memperoleh izin usaha dari Menteri Keuangan dan melakukan kegiatan sewa-guna-usaha. Lessor hanya diperkenankan memberikan pembiayaan barang modal kepada lessee yang telah memiliki NPWP, mempunyai kegiatan usaha dan atau pekerjaan bebas.
Lessor wajib menempelkan plakat atau etiket pada barang modal yang disewa-guna-usahakan dengan mencantumkan nama dan alamat lessor serta pernyataan bahwa barang modal dimaksud terikat dalam perjanjian sewa-guna-usaha. Plakat atau etiket ini harus ditempatkan sedemikian rupa sehingga dengan mudah barang modal tersebut dapat dibedakan dari barang modal lainnya yang pengadaannya tidak dilakukan secara sewa-guna-usaha. Selama masa sewa-guna-usaha, lessee bertanggung jawab untuk memelihara agar plakat atau etiket ini tetap melekat pada barang modal yang disewa-guna-usaha.
Lessee adalah perusahaan atau perorangan yang menggunakan barang modal dengan pembiayaan dari lessor.
Lessee dilarang menyewa-guna-usahakan kembali barang modal yang disewa-guna-usaha kepada pihak lain, kecuali Lessee yang memang bergerak di bidang usaha persewaan.
Dalam hal lessee memilih untuk memperpanjang jangka waktu perjanjian sewa-guna-usaha, maka nilai sisa barang modal yang disewa-guna-usahakan digunakan sebagai dasar dalam menetapkan piutang sewa-guna-usaha.
Pada saat berakhirnya masa sewa-guna-usaha dari transaksi sewa-guna-usaha dengan hak opsi, lessee dapat melaksanakan opsi yang telah disetujui bersama pada permulaan masa sewa-guna-usaha. Dalam hal lessee menggunakan hak opsi membeli maka dasar penyusutannya adalah nilai sisa barang modal. Opsi untuk membeli dilakukan dengan melunasi pembayaran nilai sisa barang modal yang disewa-guna-usaha.
PERLAKUAN PERPAJAKAN
1. Finance Lease
a. Perlakuan Pajak bagi Lessor
- Penghasilan lessor yang dikenakan PPh adalah sebagian dari pembayaran finance lease yaitu berupa imbalan jasa leasing dikurangi dengan angsuran pokok. Dalam hal sewa-guna-usaha sindikasi, imbalan jasa bagi masing-masing anggota dihitung secara proporsional sesuai dengan perjanjian antar anggota sindikasi yang bersangkutan.
- Lessor tidak boleh menyusutkan atas barang modal yang di leasing.
- Dalam hal masa leasing lebih pendek dari masa yang telah ditentukan, DJP melakukan koreksi atas pengakuan penghasilan pihak lessor.
- Lessor dapat membentuk cadangan penghapusan piutang ragu-ragu yang dapat dikurangkan dari penghasilan bruto, setinggi-tingginya 2,5% (dua setengah persen) dari rata-rata saldo awal dan saldo akhir piutang finance lease.
- Kerugian yang diderita karena piutang leasing yang nyata-nyta tidak dapat ditagih lagi dibebankan pada cadangan penghapusan piutang ragu-ragu yang telah dibentuk pada awal tahun pajak yang bersangkutan.
- Dalam hal cadangan penghapusan piutang ragu-ragu tersebut tidak atau tidak sepenuhnya dibebani untuk menutup kerugian dimaksud, maka sisanya dihitung sebagai penghasilan, sedangkan apabila cadangan tersebut tidak mencukupi maka kekurangannya dapat dibebankan sebagai biaya yang dikurangkan dari penghasilan bruto.
- Besarnya angsuran PPh Pasal 25 untuk setiap bulan adalah jumlah PPh terutang berdasarkan Laporan Keuangan Triwulanan terakhir yang disetahunkan, dibagi dua belas. Dalam hal lessor juga melaksanakan kegiatan operating lease, maka laporan keuangan triwulanan dimaksud adalah laporan keuangan triwulanan gabungan.
b. Perlakuan Pajak bagi Lessee
- selama masa leasing, lessee tidak boleh melakukan penyusutan atas barang modal yang dileasing, sampai saat lessee menggunakan hak opsi untuk membeli.
- Setelah lessee menggunakan hak opsi untuk membeli barang modal tersebut, lessee melakukan penyusutan dan dasar penyusutannya adalah nilai sisa (residual value) barang modal yang bersangkutan.
- Pembayaran leasing oleh lessee merupakan biaya yang dapat dikurangkan dari penghasilan bruto lessee sepanjang transaksi leasing tersebut memenuhi ketentuan yang berlaku.
- Dalam hal masa leasing lebih pendek dari masa yang telah ditentukan, DJP melakukan koreksi atas pembebanan biaya leasing.
- Dalam hal terjadi transaksi sale and lease back, harus diperlakukan sebagai 2 (dua) transaksi yang terpisah yaitu transaksi penjualan dan transaksi sewa-guna-usaha. Transaksi penjualan barang modal kepada lessor diperlakukan sebagai penarikan aktiva dari pemakaian oleh sebab biasa.
- Lessee tidak memotong PPh Pasal 23 atas pembayaran leasing.
- Atas penyerahan jasa ini dikecualikan dari pengenaan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai.
2. Operating Lease
a. Perlakuan Pajak bagi Lessor
- seluruh pembayaran operating lease yang diterima lessor merupakan obyek Pajak Penghasilan.
- Lessor membebankan biaya penyusutan atas barang modal yang di leasing tersebut.
- Lessor tidak diperkenankan membentuk cadangan penghapusan piutang ragu-ragu.
b. Perlakuan Pajak bagi Lessee
- pembayaran operating lease yang dibayar oleh lessee adalah biaya yang dapat dikurangkan dari penghasilan bruto.
- Lessee tidak boleh melakukan penyusutan atas barang modal yang dileasing.
- Lessee wajib memotong PPh Pasal 23 atas pembayaran operating lease yang dibayarkan kepada lessor.
- Atas penyerahan jasa ini terhutang Pajak Pertambahan Nilai.
Senin, 28 Januari 2008
Commercial leasehold
Advantages of commercial leasing
For businesses, leasing property may have significant financial benefits:
Leasing is less capital-intensive than purchasing, so if a business has constraints on its capital, it can grow more rapidly by leasing property than it could by purchasing the property outright.
Capital assets may fluctuate in value. Leasing shifts risks to the lessor, but if the property market has shown steady growth over time, a business that depends on leased property is sacrificing capital gains.
Because of investments which are done with leasing, new businesses are formed. Furthermore, unemployment in that country is decreased.
Leasing may provide more flexibility to a business which expects to grow or move in the relatively short term, because a lessee is not usually obliged to renew a lease at the end of its term.
In some cases a lease may be the only practical option; such as for a small business that wishes to locate in a large office building within tight locational parameters.
Depreciation of capital assets has different tax and financial reporting treatment from ordinary business expenses. Lease payments are considered expenses, which can be set off against revenue when calculating taxable profit at the end of the relevant tax accounting period.
Disadvantages of commercial leasing
For businesses, leasing property may have significant drawbacks:
A net lease may shift some or all of the maintenance costs onto the tenant.
If circumstances dictate that a business must change its operations significantly, it may be expensive or otherwise difficult to terminate a lease before the end of the term. In some cases, a business may be able to sublet property no longer required, but this may not recoup the costs of the original lease, and, in any event, usually requires the consent of the original lessor. Tactical legal considerations usually make it expedient for lessees to default on their leases. The loss of book value is small and any litigation can usually be settled on advantageous terms. This is an improvement on the position for those companies owning their own property. Although it can be easier for a business to sell property if it has the time, forced sales frequently realise lower prices and can seriously affect book value.
If the business is successful, lessors may demand higher rental payments when leases come up for renewal. If the value of the business is tied to the use of that particular property, the lessor has a significant advantage over the lessee in negotiations.
You should buy the lease obligations in order to terminate any capital leases off the company's balance sheet.
For businesses, leasing property may have significant financial benefits:
Leasing is less capital-intensive than purchasing, so if a business has constraints on its capital, it can grow more rapidly by leasing property than it could by purchasing the property outright.
Capital assets may fluctuate in value. Leasing shifts risks to the lessor, but if the property market has shown steady growth over time, a business that depends on leased property is sacrificing capital gains.
Because of investments which are done with leasing, new businesses are formed. Furthermore, unemployment in that country is decreased.
Leasing may provide more flexibility to a business which expects to grow or move in the relatively short term, because a lessee is not usually obliged to renew a lease at the end of its term.
In some cases a lease may be the only practical option; such as for a small business that wishes to locate in a large office building within tight locational parameters.
Depreciation of capital assets has different tax and financial reporting treatment from ordinary business expenses. Lease payments are considered expenses, which can be set off against revenue when calculating taxable profit at the end of the relevant tax accounting period.
Disadvantages of commercial leasing
For businesses, leasing property may have significant drawbacks:
A net lease may shift some or all of the maintenance costs onto the tenant.
If circumstances dictate that a business must change its operations significantly, it may be expensive or otherwise difficult to terminate a lease before the end of the term. In some cases, a business may be able to sublet property no longer required, but this may not recoup the costs of the original lease, and, in any event, usually requires the consent of the original lessor. Tactical legal considerations usually make it expedient for lessees to default on their leases. The loss of book value is small and any litigation can usually be settled on advantageous terms. This is an improvement on the position for those companies owning their own property. Although it can be easier for a business to sell property if it has the time, forced sales frequently realise lower prices and can seriously affect book value.
If the business is successful, lessors may demand higher rental payments when leases come up for renewal. If the value of the business is tied to the use of that particular property, the lessor has a significant advantage over the lessee in negotiations.
You should buy the lease obligations in order to terminate any capital leases off the company's balance sheet.
Minggu, 27 Januari 2008
Leasing of tangible personal property
An owner can allow another the use of a vehicle (such as vehicle leasing of a car, a truck or an airliner) or a computer either for a fixed period of time or at will. This can be a simple leasing transaction, or it can be a transaction intended to allow the user the right to buy the item at some future time.
In a simple lease (rental) of a car, P pays O a rental for the use of the car during the agreed period which may be a few days (e.g. for a holiday trip) or longer where it is more economic to pay for use rather than pay for the ownership of an asset of depreciating value. Normally, only P will be allowed to use the vehicle and, in such a case, P has possession and control. But, P could be an employer who allows C the use of the car to visit clients, and thereby gives C control.
In a lease with the possibility of purchase, O could allow P to lease the car for a specified period of time. If all the rental payments are made in full, P will then be allowed to buy the car at the contractual purchase option price. In a consumer lease subject to the federal Consumer Leasing Act and the Truth in Lending Act, the purchase option price can not be a "bargain" purchase, that is, it cannot be less than the originally estimated fair market value. A "bargain" purchase creates an installment sale, to which the Truth in Lending Act (TILA) applies including the standardized disclosures, most importantly the Annual Percentage Rate (APR). Typically, the vehicle dealer or other personal property seller offers the leasing terms and contract of a third party finance company. Hence, O leases the vehicle to P, and upon execution of the contract simultaneously sells ownership of the car to F and assigns the lease contract to F. It is standard for the contractual terms to prohibit P from parting with possession or control of the car to another (if P does part with possession, this can be a theft of the car from F).
There are two principal types of leasing, depending upon the party taking the risk of the value of the vehicle (or other leased property) at lease end. In the U.S. this is called Closed-end leasing. In other jurisdictions, it is called hire purchase, lease purchase or finance leasing. These transactions are complicated. The most common problem arises when O makes specific representations as to the quality and reliability of the car to P during the initial negotiations. If what is said induces P to buy the car from O, those representations would usually be enforceable against O. But, in this transaction, O first sells the car to F who makes no representations to P. The laws vary from state to state on the extent to which P might be allowed a remedy if the car proves to be of poor quality.
To clarify the concept, the owner of tangible movables has the power to keep possession and only to transfer control. This may be for:
short- or long-term storage (e.g. leaving a passport with hotel staff or depositing valuable property in a bank vault — a hotel or bank holding property is a bailee); or
for delivery purposes (e.g. using a carrier to transport goods to a specific destination); or
it may be a form of mortgage — a pawnshop holds a pledge over the goods deposited until the money lent is repaid.
Leasing is a common method by which airlines acquire their aircraft, usually from companies specialised in the field of Commercial Aircraft Sales and Leasing. Aircraft leasing transactions are typically divided into finance leasing and operating leasing.
Businesses often choose to lease rather than buy office equipment, including computers. Since office equipment depreciates rapidly, leasing can be more cost-efficient than ownership.
In addition, more and more unconventional items are becoming available for lease, such as handbags and luxury watches.
In a simple lease (rental) of a car, P pays O a rental for the use of the car during the agreed period which may be a few days (e.g. for a holiday trip) or longer where it is more economic to pay for use rather than pay for the ownership of an asset of depreciating value. Normally, only P will be allowed to use the vehicle and, in such a case, P has possession and control. But, P could be an employer who allows C the use of the car to visit clients, and thereby gives C control.
In a lease with the possibility of purchase, O could allow P to lease the car for a specified period of time. If all the rental payments are made in full, P will then be allowed to buy the car at the contractual purchase option price. In a consumer lease subject to the federal Consumer Leasing Act and the Truth in Lending Act, the purchase option price can not be a "bargain" purchase, that is, it cannot be less than the originally estimated fair market value. A "bargain" purchase creates an installment sale, to which the Truth in Lending Act (TILA) applies including the standardized disclosures, most importantly the Annual Percentage Rate (APR). Typically, the vehicle dealer or other personal property seller offers the leasing terms and contract of a third party finance company. Hence, O leases the vehicle to P, and upon execution of the contract simultaneously sells ownership of the car to F and assigns the lease contract to F. It is standard for the contractual terms to prohibit P from parting with possession or control of the car to another (if P does part with possession, this can be a theft of the car from F).
There are two principal types of leasing, depending upon the party taking the risk of the value of the vehicle (or other leased property) at lease end. In the U.S. this is called Closed-end leasing. In other jurisdictions, it is called hire purchase, lease purchase or finance leasing. These transactions are complicated. The most common problem arises when O makes specific representations as to the quality and reliability of the car to P during the initial negotiations. If what is said induces P to buy the car from O, those representations would usually be enforceable against O. But, in this transaction, O first sells the car to F who makes no representations to P. The laws vary from state to state on the extent to which P might be allowed a remedy if the car proves to be of poor quality.
To clarify the concept, the owner of tangible movables has the power to keep possession and only to transfer control. This may be for:
short- or long-term storage (e.g. leaving a passport with hotel staff or depositing valuable property in a bank vault — a hotel or bank holding property is a bailee); or
for delivery purposes (e.g. using a carrier to transport goods to a specific destination); or
it may be a form of mortgage — a pawnshop holds a pledge over the goods deposited until the money lent is repaid.
Leasing is a common method by which airlines acquire their aircraft, usually from companies specialised in the field of Commercial Aircraft Sales and Leasing. Aircraft leasing transactions are typically divided into finance leasing and operating leasing.
Businesses often choose to lease rather than buy office equipment, including computers. Since office equipment depreciates rapidly, leasing can be more cost-efficient than ownership.
In addition, more and more unconventional items are becoming available for lease, such as handbags and luxury watches.
Leasing of real property
There are different types of ownership for land but, in common law states, the most common form is the fee simple absolute, where the legal term fee has the old meaning of real property, i.e. real estate. An owner of the fee simple holds all the rights and privileges to that property and, subject to the laws, codes, rules and regulations of the local law, can sell or by contract or grant, permit another to have possession and control of the property through a lease or tenancy agreement. For this purpose, the owner is called the lessor or landlord, and the other person is called the lessee or tenant, and the rights to possess and control the land are exchanged for some payment (called consideration in legal English), usually a monthly rent. The acceptance of rent by the landowner from a tenant creates (or extends) most of the rights of tenancy even without a written lease (or beyond the time limit of an expiring lease). Although leases can be oral agreements that are periodic, i.e. extended indefinitely and automatically, written leases should always define the period of time covered by the lease. In the 1930s, the British government introduced infinite leases, only to remove the power to create these in the early 1990s. A lease may be:
a fixed-term agreement, in other words one of these two:
for a specified period of time (the "term"), and end when the term expires;
conditional, i.e. last until some specified event occurs, such as the death of a specified individual; or
a periodic agreement, in other words renewed automatically
usually on a monthly or weekly basis
at will, i.e. last only as long as the parties wish it to, and be terminated without penalty by either party.
Because ownership is retained by the lessor, he or she always has the better right to enforce all the contractual terms and conditions affecting the use of the land. Normally, the contract will be express (i.e. set out in full and, hopefully, plain language), but where a contract is silent or ambiguous, terms can be implied by a court where this would make commercial sense of the transaction between the parties. One important right that may or may not be allowed the lessee, is the ability to create a sublease or to assign the lease, i.e. to transfer control to a third party. Hence, the builder of an office block may create a lease of the whole in favour of a management company that then finds tenants for the individual units and gives them control.
Under English Law, a lease should have three essential characteristics:
A definite Term (whether fixed or periodic)
At a Rent
Exclusive Possession
However, according to Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold [1989], a rent is not essential but will help to contribute towards finding a lease. In addition Prudential Assurance Co Ltd v London Residuary Body[1992] seems to allow for an implied Periodic Tenancy where a lack of a 'Fixed term' would otherwise have made the lease void.
a fixed-term agreement, in other words one of these two:
for a specified period of time (the "term"), and end when the term expires;
conditional, i.e. last until some specified event occurs, such as the death of a specified individual; or
a periodic agreement, in other words renewed automatically
usually on a monthly or weekly basis
at will, i.e. last only as long as the parties wish it to, and be terminated without penalty by either party.
Because ownership is retained by the lessor, he or she always has the better right to enforce all the contractual terms and conditions affecting the use of the land. Normally, the contract will be express (i.e. set out in full and, hopefully, plain language), but where a contract is silent or ambiguous, terms can be implied by a court where this would make commercial sense of the transaction between the parties. One important right that may or may not be allowed the lessee, is the ability to create a sublease or to assign the lease, i.e. to transfer control to a third party. Hence, the builder of an office block may create a lease of the whole in favour of a management company that then finds tenants for the individual units and gives them control.
Under English Law, a lease should have three essential characteristics:
A definite Term (whether fixed or periodic)
At a Rent
Exclusive Possession
However, according to Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold [1989], a rent is not essential but will help to contribute towards finding a lease. In addition Prudential Assurance Co Ltd v London Residuary Body[1992] seems to allow for an implied Periodic Tenancy where a lack of a 'Fixed term' would otherwise have made the lease void.
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